Darovanie peňazí | Darovacia zmluva VZOR
Na darovanie peňazí zákon nevyžaduje písomnú darovaciu zmluvu, ak sa peniaze odovzdávajú a prevezmú pri darovaní. Pokiaľ to tak nie je, darovacia zmluva musí byť písomná. Ak ide o darovanie vyššej sumy prostriedkov, z hľadiska právnej istoty sa uzatvorenie písomnej darovacej zmluvy odporúča vždy. Darovacia zmluva v prípade sporu preukáže kto, komu a akú čiastku daroval. Môže predstavovať aj samotnú ochranu darcu pre prípad, že by zo zákonom ustanovených dôvodov požadoval dar vrátiť späť.
Darovacia zmluva nemusí byť písomná, ak sa pri darovaní peniaze hneď odovzdávajú
V súlade s § 628 odsek 2 zákona č. 40/1964 Zb. Občiansky zákonník v znení neskorších predpisov (ďalej ako „Občiansky zákonník“), darovacia zmluva musí byť písomná v týchto prípadoch:
- ak je predmetom daru nehnuteľnosť, a
- pri hnuteľnej veci, ak nedôjde k odovzdaniu a prevzatiu veci pri darovaní.
To znamená, že ak sa peniaze neodovzdávajú pri darovaní (napríklad ak sa majú previesť na účet obdarovaného v dohodnutej lehote), darovacia zmluva musí byť písomná. V praxi sa napríklad darujú peniaze na narodeniny či novomanželom, vtedy sa peniaze odovzdajú pri darovaní a zákon nevyžaduje písomnú formu darovacej zmluvy. Darovacia zmluva sa uzavrie samotným odovzdaním peňazí a ich prijatím obdarovaným. Ak by však chcel darca darovať peniaze napríklad na účet a vopred sa na tom dohodnúť, zákon vyžaduje písomnú formu darovacej zmluvy.
V prípade, ak sa peniaze odovzdávajú v hotovosti pri darovaní, avšak ide o väčšiu sumu peňazí, odporúča sa aj v týchto prípadoch uzavretie písomnej darovacej zmluvy. A to pre prípad sporu, ak by bolo potrebné darovanie peňazí preukázať, alebo pre ochranu darcu, ak by požadoval zo zákonom ustanovených dôvodov dar od obdarovaného vrátiť.
Pri odovzdaní a prevzatí daru v hotovosti výška daru nesmie presiahnuť 15 000 EUR medzi fyzickými osobami.
Medzi právnickými osobami alebo fyzickými osobami – podnikateľmi nesmie odovzdanie a prevzatie daru v hotovosti presiahnuť sumu 5 000,- EUR. Toto obmedzenie vyplýva zo zákona č. 394/2012 Z. z. o obmedzení platieb v hotovosti. Za porušenie tohto zákona hrozí fyzickým osobám pokuta do 10 000,- EUR, právnickým osobám a fyzickým osobám – podnikateľom až do 150 000,- EUR.
Darca je povinný upozorniť na vady daru, o ktorých vie.
Vrátenie daru
V súlade s § 628 ods. 1 Občianskeho zákonníka: Darovacou zmluvou darca niečo bezplatne prenecháva alebo sľubuje obdarovanému a ten dar alebo sľub prijíma.
Ak sa teda rozhodne darca peniaze darovať, ide o bezplatné prenechanie peňazí. Naproti tomu pri požičaní peňazí sa peniaze musia po uplynutí dohodnutej doby vrátiť, aj s úrokmi (ak sa dohodli), v súlade § 657 a nasl. Občianskeho zákonníka.
Občiansky zákonník v § 630 umožňuje darcovi domáhať sa vrátenia daru v nasledovnom prípade: ak sa obdarovaný správa k nemu alebo členom jeho rodiny tak, že tým hrubo porušuje dobré mravy.
To, či správanie obdarovaného predstavuje hrubé porušenie mravov, sa posudzuje v každom prípade podľa individuálnych okolností tohto prípadu. Najvyšší súd Slovenskej republiky však vo svojom rozhodnutí uvádza, že hrubým porušením dobrých mravov je len ich porušenie značnej intenzity alebo ich sústavné porušovanie (R 88/1998), nie však prejavy prostej nevďačnosti obdarovaného voči darcovi či dokonca ani menej významné porušenia dobrých mravov (R 31/1999). ….hrubým porušovaním dobrých mravov zakladajúcim právo darcu domáhať sa vrátenia daru je len správanie sa obdarovaného voči darcovi alebo členom jeho rodiny spočívajúce v (aktívnom) konaní jednej osoby voči druhej, a nie aj v (pasívnom) opomenutí konať určitým spôsobom…(Najvyšší súd SR, 3 Cdo 213/2007).
Neplatná je darovacia zmluva uzavretá pre prípad smrti
Darovanie peňazí (pokiaľ nejde o obvyklé sumy) sa môže započítať pri dedení po darcovi na dedičský podiel obdarovaného
Ak by obdarovaný patril do skupiny dedičov po darcovi, a za života dostal od darcu peniaze ako dar v zásade vo vyššej hodnote, započítava sa hodnota tohto daru do jeho dedičského podielu. Započítanie daru na dedičský podiel sa týka len darov, ktoré nad obvyklý rámec darovania presahujú majetkové pomery darcu. Ak napríklad osoba dostala dar 20 EUR na narodeniny od rodičov, tento dar sa v zásade nezapočítava na dedičský podiel obdarovaného po rodičoch. Hodnota daru sa posudzuje podľa hodnoty v čase darovania, nie v čase dedičského konania.
V súlade s § 484 Občianskeho zákonníka:
Ak sa dedí zo zákona, započítanie daru sa vykoná vždy, ak šlo o neobvyklé darovanie. Pri dedení zo závetu len vtedy, ak dal na to poručiteľ príkaz alebo ak by bez započítania daru bol obdarovaný dedič oproti iným dedičom neodôvodnene zvýhodnený.
Darovanie počas trvania BSM
V prípade, ak je darca ženatý alebo darkyňa vydatá, a daruje prostriedky, ktoré patria do bezpodielového spoluvlastníctva manželov (BSM), darovaciu zmluvu by mali na strane darcu uzatvoriť obaja manželia. Alebo by mali obaja iným spôsobom prejaviť súhlas s jej uzatvorením. Obaja manželia totiž musia súhlasiť s bezplatným prenechaním daru (prostriedkov) obdarovanému v zmysle ustanovení darovanej zmluvy, ak ide o prostriedky patriace do BSM a nejde o obvyklú sumu (bežnú vec).
Počas trvania BSM, ak ide o prostriedky patriace do BSM, je potrebný súhlas oboch manželov na darovanie prostriedkov, pokiaľ nejde o bežné veci. V súlade s § 145 ods. 1 Občianskeho zákonníka: Bežné veci týkajúce sa spoločných vecí môže vybavovať každý z manželov. V ostatných veciach je potrebný súhlas oboch manželov; inak je právny úkon neplatný. Opäť tu platí, že to, čo sa považuje za bežnú vec, sa bude vykladať v každom prípade podľa individuálnych okolností.
Viac k darovacej zmluve sa dozviete aj v článku na Xprávo.eu tu:
Darovacia zmluva
Darovanie peňazí – Darovacia zmluva VZOR na stiahnutie vo formáte word
Darovacia zmluva - VZOR - darovanie peňazných prostriedkov v hotovosti
StiahnuťDarovacia zmluva - darovanie peňazných prostriedkov prevodom na účet
StiahnuťVzory je potrebné upraviť podľa konkrétnych okolností prípadu. Úradne overenie podpisu darcu a obdarovaného zákon nevyžaduje.
V prípade, ak si darovaciu zmluvu neviete pripraviť, alebo potrebujete pomôcť v individuálnom prípade, obráťte sa na advokáta alebo notára: Zoznam advokátov Slovenskej advokátskej komory, Register notárskych úradov, Európsky zoznam notárov.
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